So here we are going to discuss about Indus Valley Civilization. In ancient history we read the whole story about Indus Valley Civilization.
In ancient history, there are four Civilization have been discussed.
1. Mesopotamia Civilization --
This Civilization took place first ever. The time was 4000BC to 6th BC. This Civilization was happened in Iraq. ( Iraq is a country). There is river in Iraq named as Tigris and Euphrates. Mesopotamia Civilization was established around this river.
2. Egyptian Civilization --
This Civilization was happened in Egypt. The world's longest river NILE is present in this country. The Egyptian civilization was made around this river. The time is taken for this civilization is 3400BC to 1000 BC.
3. Harappa civilization --
This civilization was the most modern civilization. The area of this civilization is now in India-Pakistan-Afghanistan. Harappa civilization is also known as Indus Valley Civilization. Because this civilization was happened around Indus river. This Indus river is starts from China and flows through India (Jammu and Kashmir area) and Pakistan. And this River falls on Arabian Sea in last. The time of this civilization is taken as 2500 BC to 1750BC.
4. Chinese Civilization--
This civilization was happened in China. There is a River in China named as HWANG-HO. This civilization was happened around this River.
So these were four civilization. Now we will discuss about Indus Valley Civilization in details.
Introduction:
✓ The Indus valley civilization is named after the Indus Valley, where the first were found.
✓ The Indus Valley Civilization is also named as the 'Harrapan Civilization' after Harappa was found. The first site of this Civilization was excavated in the year 1920.
✓ This Indus Valley Civilization is also known. As Saraswati civilization, Saraswati culture, and Sindhu saraswati civilization.
✓ Ghagar-Hakra river identified by mythological river Saraswati.
✓ Indus Valley Civilization was Vedic Civilization as periceived by traditional Hindu belief.
✓ Most accepted period was 2500BC - 1750BC by Carbon 14 dating.
✓ John marshall - first scholar to use thos term Indus Valley Civilization.
Area Covered by This Civilization:
12,60,000 squire kilometer area was Covered by this civilization.
This area was whole Pakistan, Northern part of India and some part of Afghanistan. This area is also called saptasindhu region for availability of several River into this region.
The main place was - Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Aalamgiripur, western UP, Northen Maharastra, Pakistan, North-east Afghanistan, Lothal and Jammu.
Longest site of IVC:
Rakhigarhi is the largest site of this civilization which is present in Haryana. The previous largest site was Mohenjodaro and Harappa present in Pakistan.
Indus Valley civilization was first to produce cotton in the world.
Major population of IVC:
Mongoloid, Proto-austroloid and Mediterranean.
Mediterranean was in maximum number of the whole population.
IVC belongs to proto-historic period, that is Broze age.
Main site of IVC:
Northen most- Ropar in Punjab and Manda in Jammu.
Southern most- Bhagatram in Gujarat and Dhanbad in Maharastra.
Eastern most- Aalamgiripur in UP.
Western most- Sutkagendor in Pak-iran border.
Capital city of IVC:
Harappa and Mohenjodaro.
The port cities are:
Lothal, Sutkagendon, Allahdino, Balakot, and Kuntasi.
Common feature of main cities:
✓ Systematic town planning on the line of grid system.
✓ Use of burnt bricks in construction.
✓ Underground drainage system.
✓ Fortifield citadel.
Crops during IVS:
The main crops of the IVC was wheat, rice, dates, cotton, barley, mustard and sesamum.
✓ Agriculture was started during stone age.
Animals during IVC:
Available animals during this civilization were: sheep, goat, bull, buffalo, dog, tiger, cat, pig, deer, tortoise, elephant,camel and rhino.
✓ Lion was not known.
Trade and Commerce of IVC:
✓ There was extensive regional and foreign trade.
✓ Foreign trade with Mesopotamia or Sumeria flourished.
✓ There wear export of Agricultural product, cotton goods, terracotta figurines, pottery, Ivory's product, copper etc.
✓ iron was not known to IVC.
Note:
✓ Use of Gold, copper and bronze was there.
✓ Susa and UR are Mesopotamia places where Harappa seals were found.
✓ As there were evidence of coin, it is assumed that Barter System was usable at that time.
✓The IVC was primarily urban civilization.
Administration of IVC:
✓ there is not any clear cut evidence of nature of polity.
✓ It seems that, the rulling authority of IVC was a class of merchant.
Religion in IVC:
✓ The IVC people didn't worship for their God in Temple, in fact no Temple has been underneath.
✓ An idea of there is founded from the statue and figurine founds that there were two kinds of god-- Male diety and female deity. The male diety was known as Pashupati Mahadeva and female deity was known as Mother goddess.
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